托福阅读｜如何使用逻辑关系来解决句子简化题

句子简化题一直以来都是托福阅读学习中的一个小难点，不少同学在学习中经常会在几个选项中来回的纠结。导致做这个题目耗时比较多，同时做题正确率也比较低。

以往我们做这个题目一般以语义的角度为主，大部分需要分析句子的主干，然后逐一与选项进行比对，这个过程也就是时间消耗的地方。其实，有一些的句子简化题在句子的构造以及选项的设计时候，也会加入一些逻辑上面的判断点。因此从逻辑的角度有时候也可以帮助我们解题，甚至可以快速的排除一些选项。那么下面我们就从逻辑的角度出发来探讨一下句子简化题中逻辑帮助我们解题的点。

首先就是可以从句子有无明显逻辑这个点来判断。经过大量题目的归纳总结得知，一般如果句子简化题给的原句如果是一个基本句型，往往在选项中出现带有明显逻辑信号词的选项往往是可以直接排除的。因为原句是不带有类似复合句中会出现的类似“假设”，“因果”，“转折”和“对比”等逻辑关系，所以选项中有这样的选项一般是用来混淆视听的。例如：

The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.(TPO17-1)

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce.

○The profits that could be created by sea trade between East and West were immense compared with the investment required to develop such trade.

○The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West had for investors seeking great profits.

○Because people made large investments in sea commerce between East and West, they expected to make immense profits.

这个题目答案是选择A。我们讨论这题目主要是看D选项，从逻辑角度出发，原句是一个基本句型，主要是描述“成本高反映了利润高”这样一个意群，而D选项中重点描述的是“因为人们已经投入很高，所以他们预期利润也很巨大”这样的表述。从归纳的意群来看，我们很明显就能判断出来D选项这个因果关系是无端加第二点我们可以从逻辑的趋势角度出发。一般来说，逻辑可以分为取同和取非两种关系，取同逻辑表述的是前后形成逻辑关联的对象感情色彩没有发生变化，而取非逻辑指的是前后的逻辑呼应发生了变化。因此有时候句子简化题的原句如果是取同逻辑，选项中出现的是一个取非逻辑，这样的选项我们也是可以秒排除的。反之亦然，如果原句是取非逻辑，选项变成取同逻辑，这样的选项也往往是秒排除。例如：

While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.

which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.

○scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.

○Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.

○Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.

这题答案选择D。同样的，我们关注的是C选项。原文中是“while”引导的一个表示对比的关系，而C选项中表述的是一个“because”引导的因果关系，从上面咱们讲的规则来看，可以秒排除这个选项。入的。

最后一点是在让步，转折逻辑中，有时候句子是有讲话侧重点的，原句是什么样的讲话重点，我们在改写的句子中也要表述出来，否则可以理解成逻辑重心发生了偏差。类似于“虽然刘德华长得很帅，但是他已经结婚了。”这样的句子改写成了“虽然刘德华已经结婚了，但是他长得很帅”这样。原句的讲话重心就被完全改变掉了。我们再来看一个句子

Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.（TPO 29-2)

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Apparent exceptions to this law usually involves cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches.

○ Although it may appear that two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other.

○ Cases in which two species not only compete for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law.

○ Cases in which the two species do not occupy that same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to be exceptions to this law.

这题的答案是A选项。同样，我们的重点是看B和D选项。通过原文的分析我们可以得知，原句的讲话重心是“they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species did not really occupy exactly the same niche.”这样一个去除掉插入语的转折信息。B和D选项，乍一看都是让步转折的关系，但是，他们的讲话却都是以“exception”为重点的。因此这两个选项虽然干扰性比较大，但是只要抓住这个原则也是可以做出合理化判断的。

好了，上面这三个技巧就是从逻辑角度来帮我们快速排除句子简化题中一些逻辑错误选项的方法，希望对同学们的复习有所帮助。

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