托福独立口语中如何巧用话题背景解释观点

“Background背景”的英文解释是：“information that helps us understand a situation or problem”。从中可以看出，其作用是帮助听者快速进入话题，在有了相关的背景铺垫后，可以很好的理解说者表达的观点。

在综合托福口语task3的阅读部分，我们经常见到作者在描述概念之间先引入话题相关背景。但是在独立口语中背景引入，有时候不光是作为砖一样地简单切入话题引入玉，更是可以作为玉的一个部分--在观点论述中扮演着原因论证的角色，不仅使我们的口语更丰富，也使观点展开更有说服性。

首先，先用一个生活中的话题引入。比如，需要论证的题目是人们不应该浪费食物，在展开谈论之前，可以先从背景入手，告诉听众现如今粮食浪费的现状，凸显节约食物的必要性，从而顺理成章地推出自己的观点。

对背景的讨论一般是描述现象或用已知调查数据给出证据，这里给出该题目的背景引入示范，主要采用数字说话的背景引入方式：

Every year, 1.6 billion tons of food is wasted around the world. That's about one-third of all food produced each year, including 763 billion boxes of pasta, 574 billion eggs, 3.6 trillion apples, to name just a few. From People's Daily, China is the 23rd for food waste in the survey. China's food waste is around 18 million tons per year, enough to feed up to 50 million people for one year.

相信大家看到这组数字后会感到触目惊心，和说者一样发出一种节约粮食的呼吁。

不光是在整体观点展开前可以引入大背景，在具体描述某个分论点的时候，也可以使用这种方式。

还是刚才的题目，假如我们已经给出原因是，杜绝浪费可以更好地帮助贫困地区饱受饥饿之苦的人们，也可以引入目前世界上饥饿人们的现状作为背景，引出后文的谈论，例如：

One out of seven among billions of people worldwide woke up and didn't even know how to fill a cup of food.

现在让我们看看在托福独立口语personal preference的题目中，如何使用背景完善内容。

Question：Some people like to attend a live performance or live sporting event, while others prefer to stay at home and watch it on TV on other electronic devices. Which do you prefer and why?

该题目可以从身体，心理，学习能力三方面的影响展开观点。考虑到两个活动较为显著的特点是一动一静，可以首先考虑从身体健康方面进行解释，可以对比（对比论证）运动的好处和久坐不动的弊端。

假如选定观点是“prefer to attend a live performance or live sporting event”，可以联系背景，例如自己是学生的身份，或现在的人们工作紧张缺乏锻炼，从必要性的角度解释论证（原因解释）自己的观点。

参考语言表达：

Keep healthy and fit

Unlikely to get ill or be affected by diseases

Be harmful for physical health

Boost energy and refresh mind

Stretch out arms and legs

Prevent people getting stiff and exhausted

答案示范：

Personally speaking, I think it is a better idea to take part in a live performance or live sports activities. The main reason is to keep healthy and fit since nowadays many people have already been stressed our with tremendous amount of workload which they have to cope with causing many physical health problems.

然后连接题干所选观点：

However, doing sports activities can provide them with more chances to stretch out their arms and legs which prevents them getting stiff and exhausted even improve immune system. As a result, they are unlikely to be affected by diseases.

不同的题目有不同的背景引入方式，压力是背景引入的思路之一，还有其他的思路，快加入我们的课堂一起学习吧。